jueves, 4 de junio de 2009

Veinte Poemas de amor...

Neil Mac Lean Gariboldi PAU Canarias 07-08
Obra y Contexto Social
Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) fue un poeta nacido en Parral, sur de Chile. Huérfano d madre desd muy pequeño, su infancia transcurrió en Temuco dond realizó sus primeros estudios. Su verdadero nombre era Neftalí Reyes Basoalto, pero utilizó el seudónimo d Pablo Neruda en honor al escritor Jan Neruda y para ocultar a su padre su dedicación literaria.
Fue escritor, diplomático, político y premio Nobel de Literatura en 1971. A causa de su militancia comunista se vio obligado a exiliarse de Chile. Llegó a vivir en Asia, Italia y España. En este país entabló amistad con la generación del 27 y luchó por la República. Murió el 23 d sep d 1973 días después dl derrocamiento de Salvador Allende. Es sin dudas el poeta más influyente del siglo XX, aunq tmb escribió teatro y prosa.
La poesía hispanoamericana d principios dl siglo XX se caracteriza por la pervivencia d las formas y temas propios del Modernismo. En el ámbito lírico coexisten diversas tendencias:
- Poesía intimista. Inicia la búsqueda d una experiencia depurada y los nuevos temas literarios. Presta más atención a lo cotidiano y a lo humano q al preciosismo formal o a la artificiosidad. Autores representativos son Gabriela Mistral, Alfonsina Storni y Leopoldo Lugones.
- Poesía social. Se opone al cosmopolitismo e incorpora influencias étnicas y culturales. Se caracteriza por la utilización y recreación d leyendas y mitos afroantillanos. Algunos autores le dan un tono d protesta social y reivindicativa. Usa un lenguaje sencillo y recurre a ritmos característicos d las danzas antillanas: palabras y estructuras con cierto paralelismo q se van repitiendo en forma d estribillo. Autor representativo es Nicolás Guillén.
- Poesía vanguardista. Rompe totalmente con la estética e ideología modernista. Se utiliza una expresión críptica, además d complicadas metáforas e imágenes, o dl rechazo a una sintaxis convencional.
Autores representativos son Jorge Luis Borges y Pablo Neruda.

El tercer libro d Pablo Neruda es sin duda el más famoso, Veinte poemas d amor y una canción desesperada (1924). La de este libro es una poesía juvenil por su tono elemental, cálido, apasionado. La obra se sitúa en la línea d superación dl Modernismo.
Se trata d un conjunto d poemas cuyo tema principal es la mujer, el amor, la angustia, el recuerdo, la ausencia. Los poemas fueron inspirados por varias muchachas, especialmente dos a las que Neruda recordaría como Marisol y Marisombra. El libro podría definirse como crónica de un amor. La obra supuso el mayor éxito d un libro d poesía del siglo XX.

Temas, Motivos Poéticos y Aspectos Estilísticos
Los puntos a tratar en este aspecto son varios, pero al no disponer de tiempo suficiente me voy a centrar principalmente en dos.
La composición estrófica del libro es, por su versificación, claramente posmodernista: conserva metros del Modernismo pero introduce ciertas novedades como la reducción d formas y recursos rítmicos.
Predominan los versos alejandrinos, q Neruda combina con trímetros. También el autor introduce versos amétricos y en menor medida endecasílabos. En otros poemas ocurre el caso contrario por lo q se puede concluir q los versos amétricos y los medidos se mezclan en la obra en proporciones similares.
Neruda plasma su excepcional sentido del ritmo q muestra su alejamiento dl Modernismo. Ese alejamiento también se aprecia en el predominio d la rima asonante entre versos pares. En algunos poemas, la asonancia cambia en cada estrofa, pero en otros se mantiene invariable. La rima consonante aparece en algún caso y hay tmb bastantes poemas sin rima. En algunos momentos se añaden artificios complementarios como los paralelismos y las reiteraciones.
Pablo Neruda es considerado el gran poeta hispanoamericano del siglo XX. Su obra ejemplifica perfectamente las distintas corrientes líricas d la época en q vivió. Su poesía es en gran parte autobiográfica y empírica.
Se pueden apreciar varias etapas:
- Estética posmodernista (1921-1935). Influenciada por el modernismo, habla con voz dolorida y apasionada d un amor ausente. Destacan: Crepusculario y Veinte poemas…
- Corriente surrealista. Intenta plasmar la imagen d un mundo aterrador q va degradándose día a día, por medio d imágenes oscuras y oníricas. Destaca su obra Residencia en la Tierra.
- Compromiso sociopolítico. A partir d 1936 empieza a escribir poemas d compromiso sociopolítico en los q expresa su deseo d luchar por un mundo mejor. Destaca Canto general (1950).
- Subjetivismo-objetivismo. Mediados los años 50, Neruda no sigue una trayectoria fija, sino q alterna en sus obras objetivismo y subjetivismo. El autor se aleja dl pesimismo d la etapa anterior. En Odas elementales se percibe un tono optimista y alegre. En Estravagario muestra un tono más cómico y finaliza esta etapa poética con Cien sonetos d amor y Las piedras del cielo.

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